Muslim dream interpretation - Apr 7, 2011 · ISLAMIC SOURCES OF MUSLIM DREAM INTERPRETATION The oldest extant Arabic dream-book, Ibn Qutayba's ninth-century 'Ibara, stresses the need for the oneirocritic to be 'a scholar of Qur'an and hadlth in order to interpret dreams according to their ideas, to be acquainted with Arab proverbs and rare verses of poetry, to have a

 
 Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called wahy, to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the Tawrat and the Injil , have become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or both, while the Quran (lit. 'Recitation') is viewed as the ... . Ingles pickup

Jul 31, 2021 ... Répondre à @user9247970647324 #islam #explore #dreamswitharif #foryou #foryoupage #dreams ... What if u dream if someone is wanting to do black ...Falling in a dream may reflect feelings of fear, anxiety, or betrayal. Other common interpretations of falling in a dream could include: feeling out of control. feeling unsupported. fearing taking ...May 3, 2023 ... According to Muslim beliefs, dreams act as an experiential confirmation of a person's faith, link people to divine realities and powers, as well ...Slaughter Dream Explanation — Slaughter means: (1) Repudiation of one’s parents. (2) Injustice. • Seeing a slain person without knowing who killed him: The dreamer has come out with a heresy or made a false testimony. • Slaughtering one’s father, mother, or son: The dreamer will either repudiate or attack one of them.Christians should interpret dreams as we do everything else – through the Holy Spirit’s wisdom, the Bible says. 1 Corinthians 2:10 tells us: “The Spirit searches all things, even the deep ...It does not store any personal data. Seeing animals in dreams Answer: In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful. The answer depends on what animal a person sees in his dreams. Lizard: If a person was to see a lizard in his dream it can mean the following…. A secret is going to be exposed.We have collected over 97,000 Islamic Q&A from the official websites of various scholars and Islamic educational institutions around the world. You can find answers to your questions from different school of thoughts (madaahib) from the Sunni scholarship. So far, we have collected around 90,000 answers from Hanafi Fiqh, …‎Welcome to the world of dream interpretation with our 24/7 Dream App. Now you have instant access to islamic dream interpretations from A to Z. Download the Dream App for live dream interpretations! Interpret your dreams by calling up to our trusted and highly qualified dream interpreters.…May 3, 2023 ... According to Muslim beliefs, dreams act as an experiential confirmation of a person's faith, link people to divine realities and powers, as well ...People from all cultures can benefit from these interpretations and discover a way to interpret their dreams according to the Islamic conception. The dream ...Islamic Dreams Dictionary contain Islamic Dream Interpretations by Muhammad Ibn Sirin. The most notable of the books attributed to him is Dreams and Interpretations. Ibn Al-Nadim says that he was the author of Taabirul Ro'oya (What Dreams Express), which is different from or an abridged version of Muntakhabul Kalam …The Qur’an. The Qur’an, the sacred text of Islam, is believed to be the Word of God as revealed to the Prophet. Here Dr. Mustafa Shah describes the historical context of its revelation, its transmission and codification and its shared spiritual heritage with the other main Abrahamic faiths. Preserved in the language of Arabic, the Qur’an ...There are dozens of ways to interpret election results so here's a guide to understanding which votes "decided" the election and which ones were merely cast in it. There are dozens... To see raw meat in a dream usually represents some negative connotation [1]. However, the dream your family member saw was from Satan. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: A good dream that comes true is from Allah, and a bad dream is from Satan [2]. In order to avoid any possible calamity in the future, you should consider the following ... Masih said that the Gospel is reaching many in the Muslim world. He added that even if Islam is growing worldwide due to high birthrates, over 6 million Muslims each year become Christians in Islamic countries. From Persecution to the Promised Land 2018 book cover, written by Pastor M El Masih. | (Photo: Pastor M El Masih)Discover the profound meanings of Muslim And Tamil in your dreams: Explore 1 diverse dream interpretations related to the symbolism of muslim and tamil.Ibn Siren dream interpretations. Dates Dream Explanation — • Picking nice dates from a dry palm tree: (1) Will learn something useful from an unholy man. (2) If in trouble, relief will come. • Dates being picked for the dreamer: Money will come to …Summary: Islamic dream interpretation is a rich and intricate field that adds depth to the understanding of one’s inner self and spiritual journey. By exploring the …Nov 11, 2023 ... Share your videos with friends, family, and the world. Anthropological Skepticism Encounters Dreamed Realities Following Fieldwork in Pakistan. EPILOGUE.: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: Imagination, Creativity, and Political Agency in the Inspirational Night Dream in Islam. The war in the Middle East is marked by a lack of cultural knowledge on the part of the western forces, and this book deals ... Incident - A Pitcher with Two Heads Dream Explanation — A man told Imam Ibn Sirin: "I saw myself drinking from a pitcher with two heads in a dream." Ibn Sirin replied: "You have a wife, and you are trying to tempt her sister to sin with you, so fear God." The man answered: "You spoke the truth. As exemplified in the interpretation of the Egyptian pharaoh’s dreams by Joseph (Gen 1–41), and in the interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar’ dream by Daniel (Daniel 2:43–45), the Jewish people were extremely successful in obtaining the grace of foreign rulers through the mastering of dream interpretation, with an impact on public policies.Ibn Sirin Dictionary Of Dreams Bookreader Item Preview ... dreams islam Addeddate 2018-04-23 19:37:51 Identifier IbnSirinDictionaryOfDreams Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t22c5rf50 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.3. plus-circle Add Review.Search thousands of Islamic dream meanings and interpretations. Most of the dictionary words are available to search. Remember True dreams are from Allah, and bad dreams are from Shaitan - Sahih Al-Bukhari.Interpretation of Dreams (1) ... Waraqa was the son of her paternal uncle, i.e., her father's brother, who during the Pre-Islamic Period became a Christian and used to write the Arabic writing and used to write of the Gospels in Arabic as much as Allah wished him to write. He was an old man and had lost his eyesight. Khadija said to …Slaughter Dream Explanation — Slaughter means: (1) Repudiation of one’s parents. (2) Injustice. • Seeing a slain person without knowing who killed him: The dreamer has come out with a heresy or made a false testimony. • Slaughtering one’s father, mother, or son: The dreamer will either repudiate or attack one of them. Dream interpretation is the process of assigning meaning to dreams . In many ancient societies, such as those of Egypt and Greece, dreaming was considered a supernatural communication or a means of divine intervention, whose message could be interpreted by people with these associated spiritual powers. Piss Urine generally symbolizes spending and wasting money. It could also mean illicit or inappropriate spending. • Urinating: The dreamer will spend money that will benefit himself. • Urinating smoothly: Money will flow from the dreamer’s pocket, and his savings will be eroded. • Containing one’s urine: The dreamer will …The basis for the interpretation of dreams is the Sharee’ah (Islamic Law) and reality is an evidence for this. The Prophet, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam , interpreted …Nov 20, 1999 · Interpretation of dreams in Islam falls into various categories: 1- Dreams may be interpreted in light of the Quran, 2- or in light of the Sunnah, 3- or by means of the proverbs, 4- or by names and metaphors, 5- or in terms of opposites. For more, please see the detailed answer. Islamic dream interpretation is an Android app that helps users interpret their dreams from an Islamic perspective. The app features a comprehensive database …The Jinn:: Companion in the Realm of Dreams and Imagination Download; XML; Women and Dream Interpretation in Contemporary Iran Download; XML; Books on Dream Interpretation:: Artemidorus and Kutbuttinzade Download; XML; Conversion Dreams in Christianity and Islam Download; XML; A Comparison of Islamic and Western …(Sunan Abi Dawud 5020) Hereunder are a few conditions that one should fulfil before attempting interpretation of dreams: Should be knowledgeable regarding the Qur’ān …Jul 15, 2004 · There is no difference of opinion among the scholars about the interpretation of dreams, as there is much evidence proving this. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in At-Tamheed, “ No one denies dreams except the polytheists and a group of the Mu'tazilah (a deviant sect). " [1/285] Allaah Knows best. To what extent is it true that dreams actually have ... Sep 23, 2021 · In fact, early Islamic interpretations suggested that teeth falling out dreams foreshadowed impending death in the family. ... Zhang W, et al. (2018). Freud’s dream interpretation: A different ... Mar 12, 2021 ... #dream #islamic #viral #dreamswitharif #fyp #foryoupage #uk #psychology #sleep #dreaminterpretation #shoes · Muslim Boy Dream · Pov Dreams.Terminology. Isra means walking or traveling at night; miʿraj means rising, or going up to a high place.. Basis in Islamic sources. The events of Isra and Miʿraj are mentioned briefly in the Quran and then further expanded and interpreted within the hadith (the literary corpus of reported sayings of Muhammad), which form supplements to the Quran. Two hadith sources on the Isra …The Prophet said, "A good dream that comes true is from Allah, and a bad dream is from Satan, so if anyone of you sees a bad dream, he should seek refuge with ...In the three Abrahamic monotheisms–i.e., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam–the focus is mainly on the interpretation of dreams to understand the present and predict the future. On the other hand, in traditional Indian religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism, there are specific and well-documented techniques to induce LD.Islamic dream interpretation is a rich and ancient tradition that seeks to decode the messages hidden in our dreams. I plan to explain the intricacies of Islamic dream …And, dream interpretation, also known as oneiromancy, is described using the Arabic terms ‘Tafsir’ or ‘Tabir’ amongst Muslims. Many Islamic dream interpretation theories and observations have been proposed by various Muslim thinkers and philosophers over the past 1500 years. Several of these observations and … Interpretation of Dreams. Volume 9, Book 87, Number 111: Narrated 'Aisha: The commencement of the Divine Inspiration to Allah's Apostle was in the form of good righteous (true) dreams in his sleep. He never had a dream but that it came true like bright day light. Answer. The first dream is an indication of your correct beliefs. It is true that. only Allah knows when Qiyamah will come. That is repeatedly expressed in the. Quraan and …Remove work-related items and electronic devices from the bedroom. If you wake up and can’t go back to sleep, leave the bedroom and do something relaxing until you’re tired again. Nightmares ...Islamic dream interpretation for Dog. Find the Muslim meaning & explanations about Dog on myIslamicDreams.com. Cookies help us maximise your experience on our website. By continuing, you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more. Got it. Facebook : Bookmark: what was your dream about..When Muslims Dream of Jesus. In 2007, Dudley Woodberry and others published a study that recounted interviews with 750 former Muslims who had converted to evangelical Christianity. Many of the reasons they gave for their conversion would be expected—the love of God, a changing view of the Bible, and an attraction to Christians …Ring Dreams. Dream Dictionary provides a Free Online Dream Analysis and a complete A to Z translated dictionary. Over thousands of skillfully Interpreted Dream Symbols for people who want to access the deeper parts of their minds. Each Dream Meaning contains a message coded in metaphors, images and symbols – …Nov 20, 1999 · Interpretation of dreams in Islam falls into various categories: 1- Dreams may be interpreted in light of the Quran, 2- or in light of the Sunnah, 3- or by means of the proverbs, 4- or by names and metaphors, 5- or in terms of opposites. For more, please see the detailed answer. Oct 5, 2014 ... Dreams in Islam is a difficult topic to discuss with credibility. The great scholar Ibn Sirin was one of several experts on dream interpretation ...He demonstrates that early Muslims considered dream interpretation a fully orthodox theological discipline, one sanctioned both by the Koran and the example of the prophet Muhammad. John C. Lamoreaux is Assistant Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at Southern Methodist University. He is the author of , with Paul Rorem.As exemplified in the interpretation of the Egyptian pharaoh’s dreams by Joseph (Gen 1–41), and in the interpretation of Nebuchadnezzar’ dream by Daniel (Daniel 2:43–45), the Jewish people were extremely successful in obtaining the grace of foreign rulers through the mastering of dream interpretation, with an impact on public policies.Aug 12, 2014 ... References (30) ... For this reason, Eric Ormsby (2008) calls the dream in Islamic thought the poor man's prophecy. The dream is also used for ...Oct 5, 2014 ... Dreams in Islam is a difficult topic to discuss with credibility. The great scholar Ibn Sirin was one of several experts on dream interpretation ...In Islam, there are 3 types of dreams: true dreams (Ru’yaa) that are messages from God, bad dreams (Hulum) that come from the devil, and dreams that …Dreams have fascinated humans since ancient times, with various cultures attributing different meanings and interpretations to these enigmatic experiences. While dreams can sometim... 10 The importance of pre-conversion dreams and visions in Islamic contexts has long had the attention of Christian missionaries serving among Muslims. C. E. Padwick, “Dream and Vision: Some Notes from a Diary,” International Review of Mission 28.2 (1939): 207–16, reported on the phenomenon of Muslim dreams According to The Dream Interpretation Dictionary: Symbols, Signs, and Meanings by J.M. DeBord, dreams about the successful catching of a fish can symbolize a real-life win: landing a job, getting married, getting a record deal. …Jul 18, 2020 ... There are a number of hadiths that inform us that good dreams are from Allah, and bad deeds are from the evil Satan. The other type of dream ... Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called wahy, to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the Tawrat and the Injil , have become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or both, while the Quran (lit. 'Recitation') is viewed as the ... Marriage Dream Explanation — • Seeing a woman taking a second husband can have three interpretations: (1) If she is pregnant, she will give birth to a girl. (2) The lady is trying to get her daughter married. (3) Dispute over marriage between the lady and her husband. • Marriage contract involving an unidentified woman: Death, if the bride-groom is ill.Learn from over 120 years of psychoanalytic research. How to Interpret your Dreams builds on the research of leading dream analysis experts, allowing you to easily reference the dreams that you, your family and your friends experience. Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud practised psychoanalysis and published many case histories such as that ...Historical development Hebrew Bible Balaam and the Angel (1836) by Gustav Jäger.The angel in this incident is referred to as a "satan". The Hebrew term śāṭān (Hebrew: שָׂטָן) is a generic noun meaning "accuser" or "adversary", and is derived from a verb meaning primarily "to obstruct, oppose". In the earlier biblical books, …Early Christian and early Islamic texts on dreams and dream interpretation have come under increased scrutiny in recent decades. Dream literature from pagan and Jewish antiquity to the early medieval period demonstrates that dreams, especially prophetic dreams, were used to establish spiritual authority, enforce compliance, and justify violence in a religious context.In eastern societies, dreams are highly considered by Islamic followers. Their importance has been emphasized in the Islamic Holy Scriptures. In Qur’an, there are 24 verses discussing dreams and dreaming, with full re-counting of 7 dreams (Salem, 2010). A second source of Muslims’ beliefs that dreams are avenues for receiving mes-Islamic Dream interpretation Service offered by a qualified dream interpreter in light of Quran and Sunnah.Christians should interpret dreams as we do everything else – through the Holy Spirit’s wisdom, the Bible says. 1 Corinthians 2:10 tells us: “The Spirit searches all things, even the deep ...Slaughter Dream Explanation — Slaughter means: (1) Repudiation of one’s parents. (2) Injustice. • Seeing a slain person without knowing who killed him: The dreamer has come out with a heresy or made a false testimony. • Slaughtering one’s father, mother, or son: The dreamer will either repudiate or attack one of them.According to The Dream Interpretation Dictionary: Symbols, Signs, and Meanings by J.M. DeBord, dreams about the successful catching of a fish can symbolize a real-life win: landing a job, getting married, getting a record deal. …When revelation had ceased with the death of the Prophet Muhammad dreams and dreaming became increasingly more important within Islam. Indeed, it is said that the “true” dream constitutes one forty-sixth part of prophecy. While the art and science of dream interpretation has attracted a good deal of attention during the recent past, most ... Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called wahy, to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the Tawrat and the Injil , have become distorted—either in interpretation, in text, or both, while the Quran (lit. 'Recitation') is viewed as the ... Answer: The Prophet Sallallahu Alahi Wasalam has said: “A good dream is from Allah, so if anyone of you saw a dream which he liked, he should not tell it to anybody except to the one whom he loves, and if he saw a dream which he disliked, then he should seek refuge with Allah from its evil and from the evil of Satan, and spit three times (on ... Feb 12, 2024 · In Islam, there are 3 types of dreams: true dreams (Ru’yaa) that are messages from God, bad dreams (Hulum) that come from the devil, and dreams that come from your own mind. Dreams can be interpreted in light of the Quran or Sunnah or by means of proverbs, names, metaphors, or opposites. It is possible that you beheld the soul of the dead person in your dreams–and it is possible that it was merely your dream-imagining. It is possible for the souls of the dead to ‘roam’ in creation, and even for them to be seen in waking or sleep (though, of course, this isn’t common. [Ibn al-Qayyim, K. al-Ruh] Since the 1900 publication of Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams, dream interpretation has been a widely used therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis.Freud himself asserted that “the interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind” 1 (p. 608). …If the main mosque in the dream is interpreted to represent the ruler of the land, then its pillars represent the element of time. Dream Interpreter: Ibn Sirin. Door Dream …It does not store any personal data. Seeing animals in dreams Answer: In the name of Allah, the most Beneficent, the most Merciful. The answer depends on what animal a person sees in his dreams. Lizard: If a person was to see a lizard in his dream it can mean the following…. A secret is going to be exposed.Learn from over 120 years of psychoanalytic research. How to Interpret your Dreams builds on the research of leading dream analysis experts, allowing you to easily reference the dreams that you, your family and your friends experience. Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud practised psychoanalysis and published many case histories such as that ...The Big Book of Spiritual Islamic Dream Interpretation: With more than 900 Dream Interpretation [Akdag, Pinar] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying ...Early Christian and early Islamic texts on dreams and dream interpretation have come under increased scrutiny in recent decades. Dream literature from pagan and Jewish antiquity to the early medieval period demonstrates that dreams, especially prophetic dreams, were used to establish spiritual authority, enforce compliance, and justify violence in a religious context. Answer: The Prophet Sallallahu Alahi Wasalam has said: “A good dream is from Allah, so if anyone of you saw a dream which he liked, he should not tell it to anybody except to the one whom he loves, and if he saw a dream which he disliked, then he should seek refuge with Allah from its evil and from the evil of Satan, and spit three times (on ... Dreaming about losing your teeth can be unsettling. It's natural to wonder about the meanings. Here's what psychology and metaphysical experts have to say. Dreams in which your tee...Dec 30, 2015 ... “It manifests itself in two ways: For one thing there are these dreams, which know no confessional boundaries. Muslims are being sent to ... As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh. The science of interpreting dreams is an intricate one that requires the interpreter to have in depth knowledge of the different sciences of Dīn. Generally, dreams do not materialise in reality as exactly seen in one’s sleep. They tend to hold a hidden meaning which needs correct ... Tafsir (Arabic: تفسير, romanized: tafsīr; English: Explanation) refers to exegesis, usually of the Quran.An author of a tafsir is a mufassir (Arabic: مُفسّر; plural: Arabic: مفسّرون, romanized: mufassirūn).A Quranic tafsir attempts to provide elucidation, explanation, interpretation, context or commentary for clear understanding and conviction of God's will. — Ibn Seerin, "Dictionary of Dreams" Snakes in Islam. According to Ibn Seerin, a Muslim dream interpreter, snakes often represent enemies. Killing them, therefore, symbolizes overcoming the enemy. However, there are many nuances to Muslim interpretations of snakes in dreams. Depending on the scenario, some meanings may be positive. Researchers have found that the seven most common dreams involve being attacked or chased, being late, loved ones dying, falling, flying, school, and sex. Let's take a closer look at some of the …Dec 4, 2023 ... Interpreting the Islamic dream of someone dying who is still alive is a thought-provoking and spiritually significant aspect of dream ...Every nation would have to include the Muslim people. My people. The message was from my dream. The angel said to worship the God who made the heavens and the earth.” Symbols from Revelation in Dreams and . Visions in the Islamic World. IBRAHIM ABED AL-MASIH 1 Al-Masih: Symbols from Revelation in Dreams and Visions in the Islamic Worl Interpretation of Dreams. Volume 9, Book 87, Number 111: Narrated 'Aisha: The commencement of the Divine Inspiration to Allah's Apostle was in the form of good righteous (true) dreams in his sleep. He never had a dream but that it came true like bright day light.

Incident - A Pitcher with Two Heads Dream Explanation — A man told Imam Ibn Sirin: "I saw myself drinking from a pitcher with two heads in a dream." Ibn Sirin replied: "You have a wife, and you are trying to tempt her sister to sin with you, so fear God." The man answered: "You spoke the truth. . Mia mn

muslim dream interpretation

Sep 23, 2021 · In fact, early Islamic interpretations suggested that teeth falling out dreams foreshadowed impending death in the family. ... Zhang W, et al. (2018). Freud’s dream interpretation: A different ... Sep 23, 2021 · In fact, early Islamic interpretations suggested that teeth falling out dreams foreshadowed impending death in the family. ... Zhang W, et al. (2018). Freud’s dream interpretation: A different ... The Jinn:: Companion in the Realm of Dreams and Imagination Download; XML; Women and Dream Interpretation in Contemporary Iran Download; XML; Books on Dream Interpretation:: Artemidorus and Kutbuttinzade Download; XML; Conversion Dreams in Christianity and Islam Download; XML; A Comparison of Islamic and Western …Sample of dream interpretations that feature insects, organized by the insects’ common names as they were written in the dream interpretations, what I assume to be their Order and Family affiliations, and the context within which the interpretations were made (e.g., Islamic interpretation of dream in which the dreamer was bitten by a flea).Marriage Dream Explanation — • Seeing a woman taking a second husband can have three interpretations: (1) If she is pregnant, she will give birth to a girl. (2) The lady is trying to get her daughter married. (3) Dispute over marriage between the lady and her husband. • Marriage contract involving an unidentified woman: Death, if the bride-groom is ill.The science of interpreting dreams is an intricate one that requires the interpreter to have in depth knowledge of the different sciences of Dīn. Generally, dreams do not …Seeing a herring or any of its clupeid type fish in a dream represent evil work or toiling for something one will never get. A fish in the pond in a dream is also a sign of benefits, though may be little benefits. Seeing dead fish floating in the water in a dream has an ominous connotation, or they could represent a hopeless case. As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh. The science of interpreting dreams is an intricate one that requires the interpreter to have in depth knowledge of the different sciences of Dīn. Generally, dreams do not materialise in reality as exactly seen in one’s sleep. They tend to hold a hidden meaning which needs correct ... The Jinn:: Companion in the Realm of Dreams and Imagination Download; XML; Women and Dream Interpretation in Contemporary Iran Download; XML; Books on Dream Interpretation:: Artemidorus and Kutbuttinzade Download; XML; Conversion Dreams in Christianity and Islam Download; XML; A Comparison of Islamic and Western …Pork and alcohol are the only two items expressly forbidden. The Quran, however, is somewhat open to interpretation about what other foods may or may not be permitted. Islamic diet... ‎Welcome to the world of dream interpretation with our 24/7 Dream App. Now you have instant access to islamic dream interpretations from A to Z. Download the Dream App for live dream interpretations! Interpret your dreams by calling up to our trusted and highly qualified dream interpreters.… There is a lot of work on Islamic dream interpretation. Books have been written and meanings for certain aspects of a dream have been given. For instance, death in a dream signifies religious failure, corruption, and rising status in the world. It has been said that if one sees somebody washing something it denotes that that person is righteous ...Wahhabism ( Arabic: ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة, romanized : al-Wahhābiyya) is a reformist religious movement within Sunni Islam, based on the teachings of 18th century Hanbali cleric Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab ( c. 1703–1792 ). [1] [a] The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an exonym (name used by outsiders); it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al ....

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